Чорна металургія в соціально-економічному житті східних слов’ян на території України (друга половина V–Х cт.)

Abstract

Монографія присвячена дослідженню організації племінного виробництва заліза у східних слов’ян другої половини V–Х ст. Проаналізована наявність «гнізд» поселень у антів, склавінів, хорватів, древлян, волинян, сіверян, тиверців, полян, уличів; їх забезпечення залізом, наявність сировини – руди, деревного вугілля, флюсів, розглянуто технологічний процес утворення криці, розроблено інтегровані схематичні карти пам’яток чорної металургії східнослов’янських племен. Studied the role is of metallurgy in the socio-economic life of the clans and tribes of the Eastern Slavs (Antes – Penkovka culture, Sklavens – Praha-Korchak culture and chronicles tribes) on the territory of Ukraine during the second half of the V–X centuries. The clan (genus) of Eastern Slavs inhabited a separate settlement. In large settlements were several clans. Combinations from 3 to 8 clans – “nest” of settlements, – formed a tribe, which was concentrated in a small river basin, was a separate social unit, an autonomous body, which provided themselves with everything necessary for life and united with the neighboring tribes in the Union, if necessary. Tribal “nests” of settlements localized along the Dnieper, Dniester, Pripyat, Desna, Southern and Western Bug. Rivers, their tributaries and valleys were not only providers of bog ore, wood and water, they were transport for ironwork. Similar functions performed and other rivers – Teterev, Sluch, Goryn, Desna, Seversky Donets and their tributaries. Written sources have fixed in the VIII century such tribes as Dulebs, Drevlyanes, Northerners, Volyns, Croats, Ulichi, Tivertsy, that, obviously, before now were the part of the large associations of Ants and Sklavens. Each tribal union of the Eastern Slavs, except the name, differed a territory of residence, the number of the tribes, the peculiarities of their craft, life, customs, myths, dialect, culture elements Analyzed the availability of raw materials – iron ore, charcoal, fluxes. The tribes of the Eastern Slavs used the local geological ore of Carpathians, Southern Bug region and Kryvorizhzhya for the production of iron at the second half of the V– X th century. The ore at that time went out to the surface and did not require the construction of mines. But the bog ore with low iron content was basic raw materials, common in Ukraine. Steelmakers of Ants, Sclavens and chronicles tribes enriched the bog ore. Charcoal, which was obtained from local wood, served as Fuel. The metallurgists used mainly lime as flux, which facilitated removing various impurities to the slag. So the optimum thermal mode for process of direct reduction of iron from ore was reached and maintained. Extraction of iron in the second half of I thousand mainly based on the use of «damps blowing» (puddling) furnaces – pit and ground shaft with slag’s discharge – as the most productive and the corresponding to the level of development of Ants, Sklavens and chronicles tribes. In the third quarter of I thousand, after a decline of iron production, large complexes of smelting and processing of iron forge were created at the Dniester, at the Southern and Western Bug (from Antes – Haivoron, Parievka, Seliste, from Sklavens – Zymne). Technique and technology of metallurgy and metal working in the settlements of Sklavens and Antes were the same level. They used the same process steps, one type of raw material, that indicating the unity and interaction of tribes Antes and Sklavens. As a result, our research identified 14 tribal “nests” of settlements of Antes VI–VII centuries. Of these, 7 “nests” of settlements had provided themselves with iron; 4 “nests” had imported iron products from related tribes, and 3 – the source of supply of iron at this stage is not set. Of the 20 identified tribal “nests” of settlements of Sklavens, 9 “nests” had provided themselves with iron, 5 “nests”, probably, imported from the settlement Korczak VII, and 6 “nests” – the source of supply is not installed. At chronicles tribes VIII–X centuries, probably, every tribe in the “nest” of settlements has a center of iron-mining production and iron products. Drawing on achievements of previous researchers, we have localized in the Pre-Carpathian region 20 objects of ferrous metallurgy and 16 tribal centers of iron production by 66 “nests” of settlements of Croats. In the Southern Transnistria mapped tribal metallurgical centers in the 8 “nests” of settlements of Tivertsy. For the chronicles Bužhans/Volyns – 20 “nests” are at Holm and Podlasie, 31 “nests” of tribes of Luchians at river Styr and 4 Volyns “nests” are in the upper reaches of the Dniester. They maybe was ensured the iron from metallurgical centers of tribal hillforts. In the area between the Dnieper and Desna localized 8 “nests” of settlements of Northerners. Each tribe provided itself metals and articles of iron. At the Kiev region, at 30 “nests” of settlements, only 2 “nests” of Drevlyane, at which metallurgical centers acted, we showed at this stage. Probably, there were many more, but this assumption requires further research. Ethnographic research of V. Petrov and L. Morgan cited the opinion, that each settlement, what was discovered by archaeologists, should belong to a separate nest of synchronous settlements of his tribe. It prompted us and possibly future researchers to targeted searchs of clusters of synchronous clan settlements and analysis of topography of eastern Slavs monuments, that were previously investigated. Use of ethnographic research at the eighteenth and twentieth centuries of social structure of tribes, that kept the features of tribal system; mapping and analysis of the nests settlements and clusters of individual monuments, investigated by archaeologists; topographing of metallurgy monuments – all of that had helped to establish “nest” nature of social organization and of iron supply to tribes of the Eastern Slavs. Developed integrated schematic maps of monuments of ferrous metallurgy of the Eastern Slavs of the second half I thousand; a variant is offered of demarcation of Ants and Sklavens, unions of chronicles tribes, as well as the possible limits of settling of certain small tribes. Maps of attractions of the ferrous metallurgy to some extent confirmed the results obtained by O . Filyuk – at mapping names, that associated with the production of iron, by T. Cosmina – at mapping ethnographic types of Ukrainian dwelling and by M. Kuchera – at study areals of hillforts, which were centers of handicrafts (including metallurgy) in X century. Virtually all four schematic maps gave similar results of demarcation of chronicles tribes. Thus, the specified areas of settlement of the Eastern Slavs in Ukraine in the second half of the V–X th century. It was suggested the possible limits of some small tribes (trebovlyans, zasyans, bobryans, that apparently belonged to the Union of Croatian tribes; buzhans, tanyans, cherv’yans and Luchians – likely, to the tribal alliance of Volyns; sivryuks, goryuns and posulyans – to Northerners… General trends in the development of iron production in the Eastern Slavs are noticeable – an increase in the volume and improve the organization of tribal iron production in the last quarter of the I thousand. During this period, increased exchange of iron and agricultural products, while maintaining their tribal character, which was based on the collective ownership of property and land. After the liquidation the tribal system and self management of chronicles tribes by Ruric princes in Rus, exchange acquired a new, trading nature. It is investigated the technological process of ball iron (krytsa) obtaining by way of direct reduction of iron (DRI) by ancient steelmakers . The relevance of the using the experience of past generations of DRI was defined in modern industry, in the modeling of ancient crafts in Archeoparks at thematic tourist routes of Ukraine.